Understanding the Structure of Fuel Cell Membranes

Jülich/Garching, 27 January 2022. Polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEMFC) are a form of low-temperature fuel cells that generate electrical energy using hydrogen and oxygen. They are particularly suitable for emission-free mobile applications, for example, in vehicles powered by fuel cells, and are an important building block in the transition to green energy. The core element of the cells is a proton exchange membrane, whose complex structure researchers from Jülich and Japan have now investigated in greater detail than ever before using small-angle neutron scattering at the Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ) in Garching. Gaining a deeper understanding of the structure can help to further develop membrane design and enable new applications. 

PEMFCs have been developed and in use since the 1960s. The proton exchange membrane (PEM for short) of the PEMFC) is a very thin plastic membrane. It separates the two reaction partners, hydrogen and oxygen, from each other, and allows when hydrated only positively charged electrical particles, the protons, to pass through water-filled channels. Both sides of the membrane are coated with catalytically active electrodes. On one side, hydrogen molecules are oxidised to two protons each by the release of two electrons. These protons then cross the membrane with the help of the channels. On the other side of the membrane, electrons, which previously were able to perform electrical work in an external circuit, reduce oxygen. Together with the protons, water is then formed.

Currently, perfluorosulfonic acid polymers such as Nafion are technically the leading materials for PEMs, as they show good mechanical and chemical stability at moderate operating temperatures while simultaneously demonstrating high proton conductivity over a wide range of relative humidity conditions. These properties, according to the latest research, result from the membranes’ structure being made up of nanometre-sized domains, each of which is either hydrophilic or hydrophobic. However, to gain an understanding of the mechanism by which ions are transported through the material and thus learn how to produce more efficient materials for different temperatures and humidity conditions, a complete picture of the microstructure of Nafion was still lacking, despite long-standing, widespread use of the material including intensive studies conducted with X-ray and small-angle neutron scattering, among other techniques.

Researchers from the National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST) in Japan, with the support of Jülich physicist Dr. Aurel Radulescu, have now investigated the microstructure of hydrated Nafion and the water-filled ion channels in more detail for the first time with the help of a special method of contrast variation neutron small-angle scattering on the KWS-2 research instrument operated by Forschungszentrum Jülich at the MLZ. “Neutron scattering is fundamentally an excellent way of making the structures of soft materials visible, unlike electron microscopy, for example, which quickly destroys soft samples,” explains Radulescu. “In addition, neutrons can be used to study soft materials under real conditions, with the option of varying technically relevant sample parameters, such as temperature and moisture content, in a controlled manner.”

Unlike a microscope, however, neutron scattering images depict structures indirectly and as a whole entity, so additional steps were necessary to obtain detailed structural information. “We can think of a forest as an analogy,” explains the neutron specialist. “Depending on how you use the instrument, you either see the trees, the branches or the leaves.” For this reason, the researchers “coloured” parts of the samples in each case, so to speak, by replacing hydrogen with heavy hydrogen – deuterium. This does not change the structure of the molecules, but it does change their visibility for the neutron probes.

The Jülich scientists have a great deal of experience with deuteration and have recently begun offering a proposal-based deuteration service for external users. The researchers also carried out measurements with different scattering contrasts. The appropriate combination of deuteration and scattering contrast made one component of the membrane visible at a time. In order to compile their results, the researchers then had to determine the positional relationships between the components by calculating the scattering contribution of each individual component.

The researchers were therefore able to quantitatively reconstruct the entire structure of the water-covered Nafion membrane using this method, which was applied to Nafion for the first time. Resembling a sponge soaked in water, the structure is self-similar in the orders of magnitude studied, i.e. both the membrane as a whole and its components have a sponge-like structure. Additionally, there are crystalline and disordered structural components. The measurements also showed that the water is homogeneously distributed over a large area of the material. This fits in well with the thesis that the high membrane conductivity of the membrane is based on a well-connected water network.

Original publication:

Yue Zhao et al.; Three-Component Domains in the Fully Hydrated Nafion Membrane Characterized by Partial Scattering Function Analysis; Macromolecules 2021, 54, 9, 4128–4135; Publication Date: April 29, 2021, 

DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00587

Further information:

Performance data of the neutron small-angle scattering instrument 2 (KWS-2)

Deuteration service

Contact:

Dr. Aurel Radulescu
Forschungszentrum Jülich
Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS-FRM-II)
Tel. 089 158860-712
Email:

a.radulescu@fz-juelich.de

Press contact:

Angela Wenzik
Science Journalist
Forschungszentrum Jülich
Tel. 02461 61-6048
Email

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